The present disclosure discloses a multi-speed transmission for an agricultural crawler chassis, including a box body, where a power input shaft, an operation output shaft, and a planetary gear reducer rear-axle mechanism are provided in the box body; the power input shaft is connected to the operation output shaft through an operation gearshift mechanism; the power input shaft is connected to the planetary gear reducer rear-axle mechanism through a double-shaft multi-gear forward and reverse speed-shifting mechanism; the double-shaft multi-gear forward and reverse speed-shifting mechanism includes a first rotating shaft and a second rotating shaft that are arranged side by side in the box body; a multi-gear forward and reverse change-over mechanism is provided between the first rotating shaft and the second rotating shaft; the first rotating shaft is located at an end of the power input shaft and is perpendicular to the power input shaft; and the first rotating shaft is connected to the power input shaft through a first transmission mechanism and the second rotating shaft is connected to the planetary gear reducer rear-axle mechanism through a second transmission mechanism. The multi-speed transmission has advantages such as a simple and compact structure, a small volume, and a low weight.